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decision-making

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Characteristics of System 1: _ generates impressions, feelings, and inclinations; when endorsed by System 2 these become beliefs, attitudes, and intentions _ operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort, and no sense of voluntary control _ can be programmed by System 2 to mobilize attention when a particular pattern is detected (search) _ executes skilled responses and generates skilled intuitions, after adequate training _ creates a coherent pattern of activated ideas in associative memory _ links a sense of cognitive ease to illusions of truth, pleasant feelings, and reduced vigilance _ distinguishes the surprising from the normal _ infers and invents causes and intentions _ neglects ambiguity and suppresses doubt _ is biased to believe and confirm _ exaggerates emotional consistency (halo effect) _ focuses on existing evidence and ignores absent evidence (WYSIATI)_ generates a limited set of basic assessments _ represents sets by norms and prototypes, does not integrate_ matches intensities across scales (e.g., size to loudness) _ computes more than intended (mental shotgun) _ sometimes substitutes an easier question for a difficult one (heuristics) _ is more sensitive to changes than to states (prospect theory)* _ overweights low probabilities* _ shows diminishing sensitivity to quantity (psychophysics)* _ responds more strongly to losses than to gains (loss aversion)* _ frames decision problems narrowly, in isolation from one another*

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The inconsistencies that haunt our relationships with animals also result from the quirks of human cognition. We like to think of ourselves as the rational species. But research in cognitive psychology and behavioral economics shows that our thinking and behavior are often completely illogical. In one study, for example, groups of people were independently asked how much they would give to prevent waterfowl from being killed in polluted oil ponds. On average, the subjects said they would pay $80 to save 2,000 birds, $78 to save 20,000 birds, and $88 to save 200,000 birds. Sometimes animals act more logically than people do; a recent study found that when picking a new home, the decisions of ant colonies were more rational than those of human house-hunters. What is it about human psychology that makes it so difficult for us to think consistently about animals? The paradoxes that plague our interactions with other species are due to the fact that much of our thinking is a mire of instinct, learning, language, culture, intuition, and our reliance on mental shortcuts.

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Hal Herzog

Some We Love, Some We Hate, Some We Eat: Why It's So Hard to Think Straight About Animals